Workshop Schedule
Thursday, July 11th
3:30 pm - 5:30 pm Optional Tour to Ama Museum (link)
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No. 15, Section 1, Hangzhou South Road, Zhongzheng District, 100
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Friday, July 12th
9 am - 10 pm Press Conference
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Saturday, July 13th
10 am - 12 pm Session 4
12 pm - 1:30 pm Lunch
1:30 pm - 3:30 pm Session 5
4 pm - 6 pm Session 6
6:30 pm - 8:30 pm Dinner Party
Sunday, July 14th
9:30 am - 12 pm Optional Tour to National Human Rights Museum (link)
12 pm - 1 pm Lunch
The workshop holds 6 sessions to provoke thoughts and discussions in connection with the networking, promotion and advocacy. The workshop puts emphasis on discussions of regional human rights systems, peoples’ tribunals and human rights courts in Asia, including but not limited to CCS, Asian Human Rights Court Simulation (hereinafter AHRCS), PPT and IPT. The titles of these sessions are as follows:
為了處理亞洲人權法院抑或亞洲人權監督體制的主要問題,工作坊設定了六項議題,來引起與網路串連、推廣與倡議相關的思辨與討論。其中包含了亞洲部分人民法庭與亞洲普遍面臨的人權議題之介紹。 |
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Session 1
The Exception to
Regional Intergovernmental Human Rights Supervisory Mechanisms/
區域人權法院機制介紹
The understanding of other regional intergovernmental human rights mechanisms and instruments helps to shape the fundamental protection and promotion of human rights in specific areas intertwined with different histories and cultures. The localized context will highlight the particular rights and concerns of peoples in the regions. By discussing the three pillars of established regional human rights systems in Europe, the Americas and Africa respectively, can then be analyzed under localized international human rights norms and standards to strengthen the protection of particular rights afforded to peoples in the region.
由於亞洲欠缺跨國人權監督機制,因此對於其他區域人權法院的理解,可以做為形塑跨國人權法院的指引。透過歐洲人權法院、美洲人權法院與非洲人
權法院系統的討論,國際人權的規範與標準,可融入亞洲人權法院的機制之中,強化人權保障。
Session 2
Tribunals and Courts across Asia/
亞洲區域與內國法院的多元實踐
There are currently some peoples’ tribunals as well as human rights courts functioning at both domestic and international levels across Asia. Cases that dealt with national law in a formal fashion are brought before human rights courts such as the one in Indonesia[1]. On the other hand, cases that have not reached a favorable resolution in one country are most likely to be taken to a peoples’ tribunal or a court simulation arranged by one or joint human rights organizations. Constitutional Court Simulation (hereinafter CCS) held between 2014-2016 in Taiwan is an example. Regional Peoples’ Tribunal which took place in New Delhi in 2015 to hear cases related to Dalit human rights violations is another example of non-governmental approach to justice. In most scenarios, this type of peoples’ tribunal introduces judgments or verdict-like results that are not legally-binding. Instead, peoples’ tribunals tend to provide recommendations and guidelines in accordance with national and international human rights standards for governments involved. These tribunals are considered “opinion tribunals”.
[1] An ad hoc human rights court was established in Indonesia on the basis of Law No.26 Year 2000 to try cases related specifically to human rights violations in Timor-Leste (formerly known as East Timor).
Another similar example is Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal (hereinafter PPT). Functioning at an international level, PPT takes a different perspective by looking at cases mainly from the viewpoint of international criminal law and charges specifically concerning war crimes, crimes against humanity and grave violations of the rights and freedoms of individuals. PPT concentrates on fact-finding through witnesses’ in-camera sessions and concludes its discoveries with recommendations in the judgment. Albeit non-legally binding, the judgment details the knowledge and reasons for violations of human rights. Voices of victims are heard and taken into consideration in line with national and international human rights standards.
International Peoples’ Tribunal (hereinafter IPT), intriguingly, functions slightly otherwise. IPT also seeks to derive from national law and international human rights instruments a comprehensive framework to address allegations, testimonies and the verdict. What makes its judgment stand out is the phrasing IPT chooses to conclude the findings. On the grounds of collected evidence and testimonies, IPT usually declares an alleged crime guilty or not-guilty to simulate a legally-binding judgment. The recent case brought before jurors and the international audience in 2018 involves rights of the Filipino people and their allegations against the US-Duterte government. The jurors found the government guilty of charges brought to the Tribunal at last.
The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal in 2000 is another example of NGO-launched tribunal initiated by the Violence against Women in War Network (VAWW-NET) to raise the awareness of the so-called “comfort women” through the lens of gender, violence and war. The Tribunal allowed the victims of the war to speak out about their experiences and harm in public and set a landmark in Asia to look into the human rights abuses both from the viewpoint of peoples and from the women victims.
It is worth noting that there is an indisputable correlation between peoples’ tribunals, human rights courts and Asian Human Rights Court. The understanding of these tribunals and courts which stimulate dialogues on human rights violations in a simulative fashion often points out the particular concerns of peoples in Asia. As Asian Human Rights Court is expected to deliver judgments on violations against human rights, the research into the structure of peoples’ tribunals and human rights courts as well as the judgments or verdicts produced thereby will be of great help in discussing the establishment of such Court in Asia.
目前亞洲有一些內國或國際的人民法庭(peoples’ tribunals),例如印尼便將內國案件提交給與此類法庭審理。另一方面,在國內無法獲得有效解決的案件,也很有可能被送到人民法庭或由人權組織所設模擬憲法法庭審理。2014 年至2016 年台灣模擬憲法法庭即是一例,模憲審理了國內無從審判或是窮極救濟,而難以在現有的司法體制下審理的案件,舉凡像同婚、轉型正義等問題。2015年新德里的人民法庭也是一例。在大部份的情況下,此類的人民法庭會做出判決或類似判決的決定,但不具有拘束力。人民法庭毋寧在對國家提出合乎國際人權標準的指引建議,因此被視為「諮詢性法庭」(opinion tribunals)。
另外一種類似的例子是常設性的人民法庭(Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal, PPT),常設性人民法庭著眼於國際的層次,主要處理違反國際刑事法的案件類型,特別是戰爭罪、違反人道罪與重大人權侵害之案件。常設性人民法庭致力於透過秘密證人,認定事實,並且在判決中提出建議。儘管不具法律上的拘束力,判決詳述人權侵害的資訊與判斷。被害人的聲音會被聽到,並且用符合內國與國際人權的標準,予以考量。同樣的,預計於今年舉行的模擬亞洲人權法院,也是為審理區域國際案件所設置的模擬人民法庭。
國際人民法庭(International Peoples’ Tribunal, IPT) 的運作則略有不同。國際人民法庭也從內國法與國際人權法,尋求綜合性的架構,提出主張、證據與判決。國際人民法庭判決突出的原因是,判決內容選擇為案件作出決斷。國際人民法庭通常以蒐集到的證據與證詞為基礎,宣告犯行有罪或無罪,以激發有法律效力的判決。2018 年最近一件提出於陪審員與國際聽證的案件,是涉及菲律賓人民的權利,以及他們對美國與杜特蒂政府的指控。陪審員最後認定政府有罪。
值得注意的是,在人民法庭、人權法院與亞洲人權法院間毋庸置疑的相關性。對於這些法庭與法院的理解,透過模擬的方式,可以激發對於人權侵害的對話,這樣的理解也經常指出對於亞洲特定民族的關注。因為我們期待亞洲人權法院就人權侵害案件作出判決,因此針對人民法庭與人權法院的結構與裁判之研究,對於討論亞洲此類法院的設置,有很大的助益。
Session 3
Another Path on Business and Human Rights
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation/
亞太經濟合作會議與商業人權
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional economic forum established in 1989 to leverage the growing interdependence of the Asia-Pacific. APEC's 21 members aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration.
APEC operates as a cooperative, multilateral economic and trade forum. It is the only international intergovernmental grouping in the world committed to reducing barriers to trade and investment without requiring its members to enter into legally binding obligations. APEC achieves its goals by promoting dialogue and arriving at decisions on a consensus basis, giving equal weight to the views of all members.
APEC is not a donor organization. APEC activities are centrally funded by annual contributions from APEC member economies presently totaling USD 5 million. These contributions are used to fund a Secretariat in Singapore and various projects which support APEC’s economic and trade goals. Member economies also provide voluntary contributions to support projects that advance APEC’s trade and investment liberalization and facilitation goals and to meet capacity-building needs, especially for APEC developing economies.
APEC member economies are welcome to propose projects and apply funding from the APEC secretariat, which conduct the following missions:
- Relate to the priorities of APEC Economic Leaders and APEC Ministers
- Cover the interest of at least several APEC member economies
- Build capacity
- Improve economic efficiency
- Encourage the participation of the business sector, nongovernmental institutions and women
With such mechanism, economies could also propose projects about human rights issues and apply for funding as long as it fit the three main pillars of APEC’s agenda, which are: Trade and Investment Liberalization, Business Facilitation and Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH).
APEC為1989年成立的區域經濟論壇,在21個會員體的共同合作下為亞太地區創造繁榮的經濟社會。做為一個多邊合作型經貿組織,APEC是全球為一以義務性、共識決為基礎的國際組織,透過跨國討論試著降低區域中貿易與投資的障礙。APEC經費主要來自各國的年度資助,每年估計總額為5百萬美元。這些經費用於支持APEC在新加坡的秘書處以及各項符合APEC經貿目標的計畫。
APEC會員可以向秘書處提案並申請補助,只要計畫符合以下目標:
- 符合APEC各經濟體領袖及部長訂定之目標
- 能使APEC數個經濟體從計畫中有所收穫(特別是開發中經濟體)
- 能力建構
- 促進經濟效率(economic efficiency)
- 鼓勵企業、非政府組織及婦女參與
在上述的機制下,APEC各經濟體得以在符合貿易暨投資自由化、商業便捷化及經濟暨技術合作等三大支柱的範疇中提出與人權相關的計畫並申請經費補助。
Session 4
Working Group with Perspective of Human Rights/
具人權觀點的工作小組
Built on the correlation between economic cooperation and human rights, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (hereinafter APEC) stresses the importance of people’s rights in terms of their contribution to regional economic growth. Established in May 2011, Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy (PPWE) serves as a critical platform for APEC economies to focus on women’s human rights and recognize women’s role in business sector. The goal of PPWE is to advance the economic integration of women in the APEC region for the benefit of all members and to coordinate gender activities across other APEC working groups. This session will be about the introduction of PPWE and how they bring social and human rights issues into APEC.
立基於對經貿合作及人權保障的重視,APEC強調在區域經濟成長中人權及提升經濟效益的重要性。婦女與經濟政策夥伴關係(Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy,簡稱PPWE)於2011年成立,作為APEC關注女性人權並承認女性在商業領域重要角色的關鍵平台。PPWE的目標是促進APEC區域女性的經濟參與,透過跨論壇的合作將性別議題帶入經濟領域的各個層面,藉此為APEC各經濟體帶來整體經濟效益之提升。本場次將介紹PPWE如何將社會性議題帶入以經濟發展為主軸的APEC。
Session 5
Practices of APEC Projects?
APEC計畫範例
Projects are a vital part of the APEC process. They help translate the policy directions of APEC Economic Leaders and Ministers into actions and help create tangible benefits for people living in the Asia-Pacific region. The session will introduce 2 good practices of APEC or self-funded projects:
Peru - Towards the Construction of Public-Private Strategies to Reduce the Costs of Gender-based Violence in APEC Economies
Gender-based violence (GBV) restricts women’s full partnership in workforce of APEC economies limiting the construction of inclusive economies. The project proposes to increase the knowledge on economic costs of gender-based violence and best practices promoted by the public and private sectors to eliminate violence, decrease their costs and strengthen businesses capacities. This will be achieved by the compilation of methodologies used in the measurement of economic costs of gender-based violence; the compilation of best practices to prevent gender-based violence; an international workshop that will elaborate recommendations for both themes; a virtual publication that will provide tools to carry out studies on measurement of violence and the elaboration of indicators; a virtual publication that will disseminate recommendations and best practices to eliminate gender-based violence and decrease their costs.
Australia - Workshop on the Development of an APEC Labor Mobility Framework
Global projections show that from 2020 to 2030 workforce contraction will accelerate in many developed economies because of population ageing. Some economies will experience significant workforce shortfalls which may reduce growth projections. According to a major survey of employers in 2016, this scenario is beginning to emerge. About “40 per cent of employers globally are having difficulty filling positions”. Three of the top five economies globally which reported difficulty filling vacancies in 2016 are APEC members. Conversely, high levels of unemployment remain a challenge for a number of developing economies with large working-age populations.
Regions across the world are taking a long term view to increase their global competitiveness and offset the economic and social impact of impending labour force shortfalls which could result in trillions of dollars in lost global GDP. Labour mobility in the APEC region is providing new possibilities, but is at the same time challenged by structural barriers and the absence of a regional strategy. In 2014, APEC Leaders acknowledged that “much work needs to be done to ease existing barriers to interaction and mobility…” and agreed that labour mobility is a valuable part of the APEC connectivity agenda. Recently, they adopted the 2015 APEC Strategy for Strengthening Growth, which highlights the importance of institution building to economic growth, including “a labor market that allows re-allocation of labor in response to market demand but at the same time protects the welfare of workers.”
In view of these challenges and the need to strengthen the APEC region’s capacity to remain globally competitive, Australia has taken an initiative through the Human Resources Development Working Group (HRDWG) to draft an APEC Labour Mobility Framework. This Framework would be developed as a nonbinding regional strategy on labour mobility which recognizes the rights of all APEC member economies to develop policies suitable to their domestic circumstances.
United States – Healthy Women, Healthy Economies
The Asia-Pacific region lags behind other global regions with respect to women’s health and economic participation. Sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved if women, who consist half of the workforce, are unable to fully participate in the economy due to health implications. Startling gender differentials and inequities in health exist which disadvantage women. For example, thyroid disorders affect five to eight times more women than men, and almost twice as many women who have heart attacks die within a year, compared to men. Yet, depending on where one lives and social norms, the initial diagnosis, treatment options, and clinical outcomes often favor men.
As societies age, birth rates drop, and workforces shrink, it is becoming even more critical that every worker is healthy and able to fully contribute to the economy. According to a Booz & Company study cited widely by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), raising the female labor force participation rate to male levels would raise GDP in China and the United States by 5% and in Japan by 9%. And based on International Labour Organization (ILO) data 865 million women worldwide have the potential to contribute more fully to their economies.
So how can we unleash the economic power of women? And how can governments, employers and other interested stakeholders partner to improve women’s health so women can live better lives and join – or remain – in the labor force? APEC’s “Healthy Women, Healthy Economies” initiative convenes government (health, labor, gender officials), private sector, academia and other interested stakeholders to raise awareness and promote good practices to enhance women’s economic participation by improving women’s health.
計畫是構成APEC運作的重要元素,通過秘書處審核的計畫將APEC領袖和部長所訂定的政策方向轉化為可落實的行動並且能提升亞太地區整體的福祉。本場次將介紹APEC或各經濟體自行籌資的計畫,這些計畫結合性別和經濟議題,串聯起經貿場域中的人權討論:
秘魯 – 性別暴力防治與能力建構:公私部門策略
世界衛生組織資料顯示 ,世界上有三分之一的女性皆經歷過性別暴力(Gender-based violence, GBV),大部分的施暴者為受害者的親密關係人。性別暴力限制了女性完整投入職場的機會並致使全球無法實現包容性經濟(inclusive economy)。又,根據聯合國開發計畫署調查 ,亞太地區若缺乏女性勞動力,估計每年經濟損失將高達89億美元,實為區域經濟發展之一大阻力。
在祕魯,至2016年仍有45.5%的民眾認為若妻子未能做好家務,丈夫施以小懲情有可原;另外更有46.2%民眾認為男人才有能力擔任家中發號施令的要職,種種刻板印象和暴力行為讓祕魯年損失超過10億美元,性別暴力直接及間接的影響力成為不可忽視的經濟問題。祕魯政府意識到性別暴力所衍生之代價,自2016年起發展「建構公私部門策略以減少APEC經濟體的性別暴力成本」計畫,並在2017年底發表「APEC經濟體公私部門優良範例:預防暴力、減少成本及企業能力建構」(Successful Experiences in APEC Economies by Public and Private Sectors to Prevent Violence, Reduce Costs and Develop Capacity in Companies),以鼓勵女性從事經濟活動並且建立公平且安全的社會文化模式。報告中盤點澳洲、加拿大、紐西蘭、祕魯、菲律賓和美國等經濟體的性別暴力預防措施,將內容分為公部門、私部門和公私部門合作案例,完整呈現各國之經驗。
澳洲 - APEC勞動力跨境流動架構
全球預測顯示,2020至2030年間之人口將趨於老化,許多以開發經濟體的勞動力將加速收縮。部份經濟體將面臨嚴重的勞動力短缺,以致整體經濟發展速率減低。根據2016年針對雇主的某項調查顯示,全球有40%的雇主難以尋得適任的職員;相反地,APEC中部份勞動年齡人口較多的經濟體卻出現高失業率的挑戰。
綜觀來看,世界各區域都希望能快速增加其全球競爭力,並且盡力弭平勞動力短缺所造成的經濟和社會影響。APEC的區域的勞動力跨境流動為此帶來了新的可能性,但同時也受限於原有的結構性障礙並缺乏區域之共同策略。2014年APEC領袖會議聲明「尚須提出更多行動來緩解現有人口流動的障礙」並且同意勞務流動是APEC連結性議程中的重要環節。領袖會議於2015年同過「APEC強化成長策略」,強調建立制度對經濟成長的重要性,其中更應包含「建立一個可以同時允許勞力重新分配且能妥善保障雇員權益的勞動市場」。
鑒於上述之挑戰和需求,澳洲透過人力資源發展工作小組(Human Resources Development Working Group,簡稱HRDWG)發起倡議並起草「勞動力跨境流動架構」。該架構將做為一項非約束性的區域勞務流動策略,推動APEC所有經濟體發展符合國內現況的政策。
美國 – 健康女性,健康經濟體
在婦女的健康與經濟參與方面,亞太地區發展速度相對落後於全球其他區域。若囊括世界半數勞動力的婦女由於健康問題無法充分參與經濟活動,該區域將無法實現永續的經濟成長。隨著社會高齡化、出生率下降、勞動力短缺,使每一個勞動力皆能維持健康的狀態並充份貢獻變得更加重要。
我們應該如何發覺女性的經濟潛能呢?政府、雇主和其他利害關係人又該如何共同合作促進女性的健康使其得以參與並持續投入於勞動力市場呢?APEC的「健康女性,健康經濟體」倡議召集了政府(衛生、勞動、性別等部門)、私部門、學術單位和相關利害關係人,共同提升亞太區域之認知並推廣最佳案例,藉此改善女性的健康狀況以提升其經濟參與度。
Session 6
Networking, Promoting and Advocating Asian Human Rights Court/
網絡串連、推廣與倡議可行人權策略
The main goal of APEC is to strengthen multilateral economic cooperation and ensures that goods, services, investment and people move easily across borders. However, with its main focus on economic development, the individual right of the labor might be easily neglected. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights were endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council in June 2011. These are a set of guidelines for States and companies to prevent, address and remedy human rights abuses committed in business operations. In this session, the participants are invited to discuss about the possibility of putting forward strategies on human rights under APEC’s existing framework with the UN Guiding Principles as reference.
APEC成立的主要目的為強化區域間的多邊貿易體系並降低經濟體間貨物與服務之貿易投資障礙,然而,在持續推動經貿發展的過程中,個別勞工的人權極可能被忽略。聯合國人權理事會於2011年經協商通過《聯合國商業與人權指導原則》,作為國際社會中在工商領域討論人權問題的主要原則。本場次將以APEC現行機制為基礎,搭配聯合國相關原則,邀請與會者共同研議人權倡議於APEC之可能方式。